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A mattress is a large, usually rectangular pad sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free supporting a lying person. It is designed to be used as a bedor on a bed frame as part of a bed. Mattresses may consist of a quilted or similarly fastened case, usually of heavy cloth, containing materials such as hair, straw, cotton, foam rubber, or a framework of metal springs. Mattresses may also be filled with air or water. Mattresses are usually placed on top of a bed sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free which may be solid, as in the case of a platform bedor elasticsuch as an upholstered wood and wire box spring or a slatted foundation.

Popular in Europe, a divan [2] incorporates both mattress and foundation in a single upholstered, footed unit. Divans have at least one innerspring layer as well as cushioning materials. They may be supplied with a secondary mattress or a removable "topper".

Mattresses may also be filled with air or water, or a variety of natural fiberssuch as in futons. Kapok is a common mattress material in Southeast Asia, and coir in South Asia.

During the CrusadesEuropeans adopted the Arabic method of sleeping on cushions on the floor, and the word materas eventually descended into Middle English through the Romance languages.

Sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free mattresses contained a variety of natural materials including straw, feathers or horse hair.

In sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free first half of the 20th century, a typical mattress sold in North America had an innerspring core and cotton batting or fiberfill.

Modern mattresses usually contain either an inner spring core or materials such as latexviscoelastic or other flexible polyurethane foams. Other fill components include insulator pads over the coils that prevent the bed's upholstery layers from cupping down into the innerspring, as well as polyester fiberfill in the bed's top upholstery layers.

In James Marshall introduced the first individually wrapped sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free spring coil mattress now commonly known as Marshall coils. In North America, the typical mattress sold today is an innerspring; however, there is increasing interest in all-foam beds and hybrid beds, which include both an innerspring and high-end foams such as viscoelastic or latex in the comfort layers. In Europe, polyurethane foam cores and latex cores have long been popular.

These make up a much larger proportion of the mattresses sold in the continent. A conventional mattress consists of two primary sections — a core or "support layer" and the upholstery or "comfort layer" — wrapped in a thick fabric called the ticking.

Upholstery layers cover the mattress and provide cushioning and comfort. The upholstery layer consists of three parts: the insulator, the middle upholstery, and the quilt. Mattresses are typically made to conform to bed sizing standards that vary by market.

The size of mattress varies between national standards in width and height and depth. Many countries use non-numeric labels such as "King", "Queen", "Double", "Full" or "Single" to represent these dimensions. A mattress topper is a thin mattress, usually 5—10 centimetres 2—4 in thick. But "mattress topper"s are usually sold sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free use on top of boxsprings secured with straps or elasticated cloth corners [8].

They are used to extend the life of the more-expensive boxspring, make a bed warmer or cooler with airflow, or heat-conductive materials[9] [10] make a firm bed softer, and for travel and dorms, as they are portable, especially if they are low-density. Some mattress toppers are machine-washable; [10] covers and fillings are made from a range of materials. A tick mattress is a bag made of ticking a type of clothfilled with some suitable material.

A paillasse or a featherbed is a tick mattress, as are most futons. They are simply constructed and were traditionally homemade. Because they are fairly thin and light, they are layered to form a bed. Innerspring mattresses commonly consist of just the spring core, and the top and bottom upholstery layers. Modern spring mattress cores, often called "innersprings" are made up of steel coil springsor "coils".

The gauge of the coils is one factor which determines firmness and support. Coils are measured in quarter increments. The lower the number, the thicker the spring. In general, higher-quality mattress coils have a gauge 1. Coils of 14 to Connections between the coils help the mattress retain its shape. Sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free coils are connected by interconnecting wires; encased coils are not connected, but the fabric encasement helps preserve the mattress shape.

Some manufacturers adobe captivate 7.0 x86 x64 free the mattress core the sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free layer" and the upholstery layer the "comfort layer". The insulator separates the mattress core from the middle upholstery.

It is usually made of fiber or mesh and is intended sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free keep the middle upholstery in place. The middle upholstery comprises all the material between the insulator and the quilt. It is usually made from materials which are intended to sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free comfort to the sleeper, including flexible polyurethane foam which includes convoluted "egg-crate" foamviscoelastic foam, latex foam, felt, polyester fiber, cotton fiber, wool fiber and non-woven fiber pads.

In Europe and North America, mattress makers have begun incorporating читать статью foams, soft-solid абсолютно adobe acrobat pro dc canada free этим layered over foam, and poured gels in the top comfort layer of the bed. The quilt is the top layer of the mattress. Made of light foam or fibers stitched to the underside of the ticking, it provides a soft surface texture to the mattress and can be found in varying degrees of firmness.

There are three main types of foundation or bed base :. Ticking is the protective fabric cover used to encase mattresses and foundations. It is sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free designed to coordinate with the foundation border fabric and comes in a wide variety of colors and styles.

Mattress fabrics can be knits, damask or printed wovens, or inexpensive non-wovens. During the past decade, along with the rise in popularity of all-foam beds, stretchy knit ticking on the bed's top panel has become a standard look on both innerspring and foam beds. Most ticking is made with polyester yarns. More expensive mattress fabrics may contain a combination of polyester with rayon, cotton, silk, wool or other natural yarns.

Up until the early s, beds were normally upholstered with a single fabric. This was usually a damask ticking or, for inexpensive bedsets, a non-woven fabric covering sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free surfaces of the mattress and foundation.

Today's bedsets are covered with up to six different fabrics: A better quality circular knit or woven damask on the top panel—the bed's sleeping surface; a matching or contrasting usually woven fabric on the border of the mattress; a matching or contrasting usually woven fabric on the foundation side panels; a 'non-skid' woven or non-woven fabric on the surface of the foundation and reverse side of the mattress; and a non-woven dust cover on the under side of the foundation.

Some North American mattress producers are beginning to use furniture upholstery fabrics on the bed's borders giving beds a more European, home furnishings look.

All-foam mattresses use different weights and densities of petrochemical-based flexible polyurethane foams [17] and viscoelastic foams or memory foam, and latex rubber продолжения.

microsoft office powerpoint 2013 step by step pdf free что-то. A number of mattress manufacturers have incorporated polyurethane and visco-elastic foams with a portion of sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free content. Mattresses can also be made from bladders of some fluid, notably water or air.

These date to antiquity — goatskin bladders filled with water were used in Persia at least as early as BCE — and gained increased popularity in the 20th century with improved manufacturing.

Many parameters determine the quality of a mattress. Laboratory test methods have been established for some of these parameters, нажмите сюда as pressure distribution, skin microclimate, hygiene, edge support, and long-term stability.

Other parameters, such as firmness, are more specific to the sleeper. In general, firm mattresses are recommended for stomach and some back sleepers, soft mattresses are recommended for side /65620.txt, and medium mattresses are recommended for the majority of back sleepers. Double mattresses are available with a softer and a firmer part, or with adjustable firmness levels, to accommodate sleepers with different preferences who share /36634.txt bed.

Ina randomized-controlled trial found that medium-firm mattresses assessed using the Hs scale from the European Committee for Standardization were associated with less pain; [27] this study has been cited by clinical practice guidelines on lower back pain. The term mattress lifespan refers to the duration in which sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free types of mattress can retain their original support and comfort.

A poor quality foam comfort layer can deteriorate noticeably in 1 year, while a quality latex core can last 20 years or more; innerspring cores typically last around 10 years.

The comfort layer is almost invariably the first area to fail, which is why mattresses are often double-sided, to extend the lifespan. A separate topper may be used instead of or in addition to a comfort layer, which reduces wear and is replaceable without replacing the entire mattress.

The majority of high-end mattresses have a lifespan of between 7—10 years but it can last beyond 10 years and more depending on the level of care. In the United States, mattress warranties are typically for 10 years or 20 years, sometimes 25 years, though this specifically sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free manufacturing defects and faster-than-normal deterioration, not expected deterioration with time.

In the United States, as of [update] there is a general expectation that mattresses should last нажмите чтобы узнать больше 10 years, and this is the average number of years Americans sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free mattresses, though this varies by age group. The mattress replacement cycle is a key driver of income and profits for the mattress industry — a five-year replacement cycle yields double the sales of a year replacement cycle, for instance — so the mattress industry has a financial incentive to shorten the replacement cycle.

An industry-funded study by researchers at Oklahoma State University funded by the BSC [31] of 59 people with poor sleep who received free new replacement mattresses for their existing mattresses где adobe premiere elements 10 amazon free этом years or older average age 9. Wear problems occur with most mattresses and can include sagging, mildewand staining.

These are prevented by proper support, rotation and flipping, keeping it dry, and using a mattress pad or protector. Some symptoms of a broken or worn-out mattress include springs which can be felt poking through the upholstery layer, visible permanent sagging or deformity, lumpiness, and excessive squeaking.

Mattresses require a solid foundation which does not itself sag — a sagging foundation, such as by weak slats on a wide bed, will in turn cause the mattress to sag. Consistently sleeping in the same place and body position causes excessive wear, and thus rotating or flipping mattresses is used to reduce this: double-sided mattresses can be alternately flipped width-wise sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free the long axis and length-wise about the shorter axisor alternately flipped and rotated; while single-sided mattresses are only rotated, which is simpler but less effective.

Foundations should also be rotated, if possible, though less frequently — rotating box springs twice a year is recommended. While sagging is undesirable, some level of indentation about 8 cm 3.

Excessive wear on mattresses can occur when folding and bending takes place, placing heavy objects in one spot, or excess force on the handles, will also cause more rapid deterioration. Care should particularly be taken during transport sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free storage. Mattresses require ventilation to remain dry and prevent mildew, and thus should not be placed directly on the floor or on a solid surface — slats or sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free box spring provide space for airflow, while solid wood or plywood as in cheap bunkie boards does по ссылке. Additional ventilation is recommended for natural materials, in which case leaving the mattress "naked" after stripping sheets for example while laundering is recommended.

If a mattress is allowed to become damp, for example by wet cleaningmildew may develop inside the upholstery; cleaning with a vacuum cleaner or mild surface cleanser and a slightly damp cloth avoids this. Mattresses absorb fluids and stains readily, notably from nightly sweating which results in a yellow stainseminal or Cowper stains which are darker, [35] menstrual fluids which are dark red, [36] and other bodily fluids in addition to accidental spills.

These visibly stain the ticking sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free seep through into lower layers. In addition читать статью being unhygienic, hard to launder, and unsightly, such stains typically void a warranty. Thus a mattress protector is suggested to protect the mattress; this can be removed and cleaned separately, and replaced if damaged.

Companies often specialize in a particular type of mattress, such as innerspring, latex, and airbed, although as latex and airbeds have become more popular, they have become more common. Mattresses which are mostly the same are often sold under different brand names; [37] two of the largest brands, Serta and Simmonsbecame owned by the same company after a private equity sketchup pro 2016 vs 2018 free.

Another association, Specialty Sleep Association, represents companies such as Innomax and Boyd Specialty focused on latex, waterbeds, and airbeds.